Household Consumption in India

Public Distribution System and Other Sources of Household Consumption, 2004-05

Report No. 510 on “Public Distribution System and Other Sources of Household Consumption, 2004-05” based on the seventh quinquennial survey on Household Consumer Expenditure carried out during the NSS 61^st round (July, 2004 - June, 2005) by the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) in the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation has been released. This is one of the reports in the series of seven reports to be brought out on the basis of the survey. The report is based on the data collected on type of ration card possessed, benefits received from four selected food assistance schemes of the Government, sources of consumption of various items and consumption of rice, wheat/atta, sugar and kerosene from Public Distribution System (PDS) by the households. All the data are provided separately for rural and urban sectors of each State and Union Territory of India.

Like all regular NSS surveys, the present survey covered practically the whole of the Indian Union. All States and Union Territories were covered under the survey except some interior areas of Nagaland, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, and Ladakh and Kargil districts of Jammu & Kashmir. The survey was spread over 7999 villages and 4602 urban blocks covering 79298 rural and 45346 urban households respectively.

Some findings of the survey are given below:

· Ration cards were held by 81% of rural households and 67% of urban households. Below Poverty Line (BPL) cards were held by 26.5% of rural households and 10.5% of urban households. Antyodaya card holders were less than 3% of rural households and less than 1% of urban households.

· About 18.7% of the households in the rural area and about 33.1% of the households in the urban area did not possess any card.

· Among the bottom of the rural households ranked by monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE), an estimated 41% only held BPL ration cards. On the other hand, among top 5% of the rural population, an estimated 11% households held BPL ration cards. Among the next 5% of rural population 14% of households held BPL card, and among the next 10% of rural population, 18% of households held BPL ration card.

· In urban areas, among the bottom MPCE class households, only 29% held BPL ration cards.

· In rural area out of the total ration card holder households about 10% were Schedule Tribe households, 22% were Schedule Caste households, 42% were Other Backward Class (OBC) households and 26% were other households.

· In urban area out of the total ration card holder households about 2% were Schedule Tribe households, 16% were Schedule Caste households, 35% were OBC households and 47% were held by other households.

· 43% of “agricultural labour” households and 32% of “other labour” households in the rural area were in the possession of the BPL card.

· As many as 51% of rural households possessing less than 0.01 hectares of land had no ration card at all, while in all other size classes 77-86% households held a ration card of some type. In respect of ration cards meant for the poor, the class possessing “0.01-0.40 hectares” was the one with the highest proportion of cards for both BPL (32%) and Antyodaya (4%).

· The major State where consumption of rice from PDS was most common was Tamil Nadu followed by Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Kerala.

· PDS consumption of wheat/atta was most common in Karnataka, rural areas of Gujarat and Maharashtra, and in Madhya Pradesh .

· PDS consumption of sugar, like rice, was most prevalent in Tamil Nadu followed by Assam and Andhra Pradesh. Fewer than 2% households consumed PDS sugar in Punjab, Haryana, Bihar, Jharkhand, Orissa and Uttar Pradesh.

· Over 55% of rural households used PDS kerosene in all major States except Punjab and Haryana. Use of PDS kerosene was most common in West Bengal for both rural areas (91% households) and urban areas (60%).

· In 2004-05, in rural India the Midday Meal scheme benefited children from an estimated 22.8% of households, the Integrated Child Development Scheme (ICDS) benefited 5.7% of households, the Food-for-Work Scheme, to 2.7% households, and the Annapoorna scheme to only 0.9% households.

· Among social groups, the Scheduled Tribes had the highest proportion of Food-for-Work and ICDS beneficiary households in both rural and urban India.

Nutritional Intake in India, 2004-05

Report No. 513 on “Nutritional Intake in India ,2004-05” based on the seventh quinquennial survey on Household Consumer Expenditure carried out during the NSS 61^st round (July, 2004-June, 2005) by the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) in the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation has been released. This is one of the reports in the series of seven reports to be brought out on the basis of the survey. The report is based on the data collected on the food items consumed by the Indian households during the reference period of 30 days prior to the date of the survey. It mainly focuses on intake of nutrients by households in terms of protein, fat and carbohydrates and their conversion into energy units in terms of calories derived from consumption of different groups of food items.

Like all regular NSS surveys, the present survey covered practically the whole of the Indian Union. All States and Union Territories were covered under the survey except some interior areas of Nagaland, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, and Ladakh and Kargil districts of Jammu & Kashmir. The survey was spread over 7999 villages and 4602 urban blocks covering 79298 rural and 45346 urban households respectively.

Some findings of the survey are given below:

· The results of the Consumer Expenditure Survey during 2004-2005 revealed that on an average an Indian household had 3.93 consumer unit in the rural area and the average number of consumer unit in an urban household was 3.56.

· The Indian rural population continued to draw the major share of their calorie(67.54%) and protein(66.37%) requirement from cereal. The same trend, calorie(56.08) and protein(56.16) has been observed in the urban area.

· The percentage share of food expenditure in total expenditure by Indian population was 55.0% in the rural areas and 42.5% in the urban areas. Relative to the comparable survey results for 1993-94, the share of food expenditure has dropped by 8.2 and 12.2 percentage points in rural and urban areas respectively.

· At all India level the number of meals eaten at home by household members had decreased by 0.57% in the rural areas between 1993-94 and 2004-05. In urban areas popularity of home kitchen had declined by 1.66% over last ten years.

· Average daily intake of calories by rural population has dropped by 106 kcal (4.9 percent) from 2153 kcal to 2047 Kcal from 1993-94 to 2004-05 and by 51 Kcal (2.5 percent) from 2071 to 2020 Kcal in the urban area.

· Population reporting a calorie intake level of “less than 100%” of the norm of 2700 kcal, formed 66 percent of the total in rural areas and 70 percent of the total in urban areas.

· Average daily intake of protein by the Indian population has decreased from 60.2 to 57 grams in the rural area between 1993-94 and 2004-05 and remained stable around 57 grams in the urban area during the same period.

· A significant rise in per capita daily average intake of fat is observed during the decade (1993-94 to 2004-05) in both rural and urban areas. It has increased from 31.4 grams to 35.5 grams (13.1 percent) in rural areas and from 42 grams to 47.5 grams (13 percent) in urban areas.

Household Consumer Expenditure Among Socio-Economic Groups: 2004 – 2005

NATIONAL SAMPLE SURVEY ORGANISATION

Dated the 9 Bhadrapada, 1929 Saka

31^st August 2007

PRESS NOTE

Household Consumer Expenditure Among Socio-Economic Groups: 2004 – 2005

Report No. 514 on “Household Consumer Expenditure Among Socio-Economic Groups: 2004 - 2005” based on the seventh quinquennial survey on Household Consumer Expenditure carried out during the NSS 61^st round (July, 2004 - June, 2005) by the National Sample Survey Organisation (NSSO) in the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation has been released. This is the last report in the series of seven reports planned to be brought out on the basis of the survey. The report is based on the information on socio-economic characteristics of the households viz, social group, household type ascertained on the basis of means of livelihood, land possessed by the households in rural areas and the commodity-specific data on household consumption collected from the sample households. Four social groups, viz., Scheduled Tribes (ST), Scheduled Castes (SC), Other Backward Classes (OBC) and the residual class (Others) were considered for the collection of the information on social group. It is important to note that the social group reported for head of the household was taken to be the social group of all members of that household and the information recorded in this regard was based entirely on the response of the informant and not ascertained from any official list of social groups. All the data are provided separately for rural and urban sectors of each State and UTs of India.

Like all regular NSS surveys, the present survey covered practically the whole of the Indian Union. All States and Union Territories were covered under the survey except some interior areas of Nagaland, Andaman & Nicobar Islands, and Ladakh and Kargil districts of Jammu & Kashmir. The survey was spread over 7999 villages and 4602 urban blocks covering 79298 rural and 45346 urban households respectively.

Some findings of the survey are given below:

· The estimated share of rural population in the total population was 74.68%. The shares of the social groups - Scheduled Tribe (ST), Scheduled Castes (SC), Other Backward Classes (OBC), and the residual class (Others) in the Indian population (rural and urban combined) was found to be 8.63%, 19.59%, 40.94% and 30.80% respectively.

· In the country, 91.4 percent of ST population was in rural areas. The corresponding percentages for SC, OBC and others were 79.8, 78.0 and 62.3 respectively.

· In rural India, 64.3% of the population is dependent on agriculture as a major source of livelihood, either as self-employed in agriculture (39.4%) or as agricultural labour (24.9%). In this sector, population dependent on self-employment (in agriculture plus non-agriculture) was reported to be 49.0% for ST, 36.6% for SC, 60.7% for OBC and 66. 4% for ‘others’ and that dependent on rural (agricultural or non-agricultural) labour was 56.4% for SC, 45.2% for ST, 30.7% for OBC and 21.8% for ‘others’. In urban India, the proportion of population located in regular wage/salary earning households was almost the same (42.0% – 42.9%) for all social groups except the OBC (34.3%). Dependence on self-employment was more prevalent for OBC (46.4%), as well as for the residual class (45.3%), than the SC (30.9%) and ST (27.4%).

· The percentage shares of cereals, food and non-food items in total monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) of the rural population were 18.01%, 55.05%, and 44.95%, while for the urban population these were 10.05%, 42.51% and 57.49%. At all-India level, rural-urban differential in the level of average MPCE was the least in cereals and most in non-food items and this was also true with minor variations across the social groups.

· With minor exceptions, the general level of total MPCE of Scheduled Castes and Scheduled Tribes in a State/UT was lower than the level enjoyed by OBC or the residual ‘others’ while that of the social group OBC was lower than that of the residual ‘others’ but closer to the average for the rural or urban sector.

· In the rural areas, the proportion of the population having MPCE below the average level (Rs. 558.8) was found to be 65.7% for the entire population, 77.4% for population located in SC households, 79.6% for ST, 64.1% for OBC and 53.3% for ‘others’. Similarly, in urban areas, the proportion of the population having MPCE below the average level (Rs. 1052.4) was found to be 67.1% for the entire population, 84.0% for population located in SC households, 74.3% for ST, 75.4% for OBC and 54.5% for ‘others’.

· In rural India, the average MPCE (Rs.415.65) of persons belonging to the household type ‘agricultural labour’ is the lowest among all the household types. This is followed by the average MPCE (Rs.519.81) of persons belonging to the household type ‘other labour’ - lower than the average MPCE (Rs.583.48) of persons belonging to the household type ‘self-employed in agriculture’ or the average MPCE (Rs.604.41) of persons belonging to the household type ‘self-employed in non-agriculture’. Thus, the self-employed households are better-off than the agricultural and other labour households. The average MPCE (Rs.818.19) of persons belonging to the household type ‘others’ is the highest among all the household types.

· In urban India, the average MPCE (Rs.579.63) of persons belonging to the household type ‘casual labour’ is the lowest among all the household types. This is followed by the average MPCE (Rs.982.35) of persons belonging to the household type ‘self-employed’. The average MPCE (Rs.1212.66) of persons belonging to the household type ‘regular wage/salary earning’ is lower than the average MPCE (Rs.1444.97) of persons belonging to the household type ‘others’.

State-wise average monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) across various social groups is given in the Annex.

Annex

State-wise average monthly per capita expenditure (MPCE) across social groups

(Rs.)

STATES	Rural					Urban
	ST	SC	OBC	Others	ALL	ST	SC	OBC	Others	ALL
(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)	(9)	(10)	(11)
Major States
Andhra Pradesh	430.01	495.06	580.98	721.72	585.55	697.61	829.37	908.33	1244.46	1018.55
Assam	560.27	511.06	572.77	533.15	543.18	829.62	811.15	1111.34	1124.56	1057.99
Bihar	394.60	344.68	419.58	511.73	417.11	937.65	639.10	614.96	856.08	696.27
Chhattisgarh	361.67	489.61	444.16	506.44	425.10	819.42	696.68	869.26	1364.88	989.97
Gujarat	483.59	521.58	546.46	822.93	596.09	920.12	942.95	845.35	1288.88	1115.20
Haryana	986.69	572.90	755.22	1155.34	862.89	1554.30	700.41	896.20	1394.86	1142.35
Jharkhand	389.14	382.81	441.60	503.56	425.30	653.68	718.46	807.79	1357.89	985.43
Karnataka	426.80	417.75	494.28	602.94	508.46	638.27	680.59	832.18	1331.38	1033.21
Kerala	518.05	753.11	995.62	1191.32	1013.15	1515.74	756.19	1187.79	1671.81	1290.89
Madhya Pradesh	342.71	383.77	463.93	595.85	439.06	717.64	585.06	677.98	1246.21	903.68
Maharashtra	418.13	457.22	578.70	659.37	567.76	880.59	866.63	967.89	1326.78	1148.27
Orissa	283.97	362.93	434.97	523.24	398.89	548.68	500.55	679.84	923.15	757.31
Punjab	640.64	651.86	828.48	1063.88	846.75	846.56	809.82	988.20	1704.07	1326.09
Rajasthan	464.20	527.25	636.30	666.94	590.83	861.05	739.17	789.76	1259.17	964.02
Tamil Nadu	497.80	476.27	640.49	1010.95	602.17	951.84	748.58	1027.28	1952.13	1079.65
Uttar Pradesh	479.04	454.55	528.36	648.56	532.63	960.25	637.45	702.31	1103.13	857.05
West Bengal	442.08	529.55	635.68	587.34	562.11	867.87	766.89	984.57	1234.40	1123.61
Other States/UTs
A & N Islands	-	-	761.75	1071.34	1069.08	1758.19	-	-	1803.38	1802.39
Arunachal Pradesh	783.68	1103.85	590.71	735.77	771.53	858.84	740.07	1069.03	888.77	881.10
Chandigarh	-	986.23	728.94	872.38	862.75	963.17	1042.62	1305.67	2069.27	1769.52
Dadra & N. Haveli	478.53	1466.54	1078.67	1306.93	569.80	1013.77	587.63	1651.75	1577.04	1407.50
Daman & Diu	936.62	2453.22	891.64	1489.08	1160.89	1078.41	1274.39	917.37	1104.68	1079.59
Delhi	-	722.28	710.95	1028.62	918.50	1096.96	796.29	918.75	1606.60	1319.31
Goa	1948.59	804.60	608.33	992.26	985.49	-	766.28	940.43	1638.01	1431.97
Himachal Pradesh	786.81	635.69	752.45	896.19	798.11	1282.45	1022.33	994.57	1546.69	1390.07
Jammu & Kashmir	719.55	744.37	757.18	812.04	793.16	2201.40	875.94	893.82	1085.20	1070.12
Lakshadweep	1316.91	670.00	1093.90	2045.95	1312.55	1405.50	1834.00	1109.10	2054.61	1421.22
Manipur	552.80	583.71	669.92	654.47	614.20	756.26	773.83	721.83	706.65	726.38
Meghalaya	652.17	644.40	834.06	668.12	655.30	1156.46	1779.16	1071.76	1285.69	1190.09
Mizoram	779.85	1252.90	688.29	632.75	778.35	1201.22	1284.57	800.23	1569.86	1200.51
Nagaland	1019.99	-	588.53	1328.68	1010.81	1552.92	1068.15	1218.95	1400.75	1498.47
Pondicherry	-	480.15	868.82	1645.60	735.31	1004.38	562.10	1028.49	1334.23	1022.53
Sikkim	655.36	753.25	700.56	740.31	688.53	1233.21	838.51	1145.65	1048.75	1106.79
Tripura	435.67	480.48	513.59	519.23	487.63	1142.77	700.42	836.58	1166.51	1000.54
Uttaranchal	568.68	553.94	618.70	705.34	647.15	826.90	714.61	765.11	1111.37	978.26
All India	426.19	474.72	556.72	685.31	558.78	857.46	758.38	870.93	1306.10	1052.36