Book Review by Vidyanand Acharya

iqLrd leh{kk

Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk niZ.k

& fo|kuan vkpk;Z

Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ds ckjs esa tc Hkh dHkh ppkZ ;k cgl gksrh gS rks vFkZ'kkfL=;ksa }kjk ;g lkfcr djus dk iz;kl fd;k tkrk gS fd Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk dky[k.M lgh ek;us 1991 ,oa mlds ckn viuk, x, vkfFkZd mnkjhdj.k ds ckn gh 'kq: gqvkA bl lanHkZ esa Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ij vusdksa iqLrdsa izdkf'kr gks pqdh gSaA ysfdu gky gh esa Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ij  ,d iqLrd izdkf’kr gksdj vk;h gSA tokgjyky usg: fo'ofo|ky; ¼ts,u;w½ ds [;kfr izkIr fo}ku ,oa Hkkjr esa dkyk/ku fo"k; ij izkekf.kd iqLrd fy[kus okys izksQslj v#.k dqekj dh gky gh esa izdkf'kr iqLrd ^^bafM;u bdkWukseh flal bafMisMsal % ijflfLVax dksyksfu;y fMljI'ku** esa vktknh ds ckn ls vc rd ds Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk lexz o.kZu rF;ksa ,oa vkadM+ksa ds vk/kkj ij fd;k gSA bl iqLrd esa vFkZO;oLFkk ds lHkh ldkjkRed ,oa udkjkRed igyqvksa dk Hkh ftØ foLrkj ls fd;k x;k gSA

vFkZO;oLFkk ij ftruh Hkh vU; iqLrdsa vk;h gSA muesa Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk ds 1947 ls vkxs uhfrxr fu.kZ;ksa ,oa fofu;ked rF;ksa ij izdk'k Mkyus dk iz;kl ugha fd;k x;k gSA bl ek;us esa ;g iqLrd vrhr ds mu dky[kaMksa dks ckgj ykus dk lQy iz;kl fd;k gS ftlds ckjs esa yksxkss dks tkudkjh ugha gSA ys[kd dk ;g iz;kl ,d vksj tgk¡ iqLrd dks O;kid vk;ke iznku djrk gS ogha nwljh vksj vkt ds ;qok vè;srkvksa ds fy, rF;ijd lkexzh Hkh izLrqr djrk gSA

iqLrd ds egRo dks js[kkafdr djus ds fy, iqLrd ds yksdkiZ.k lekjksg esa fofHké oDrkvksa }kjk O;Dr fopkj mYys[kuh; gSA iqLrd dk yksdkiZ.k lekjksg esa fopkj O;Dr djrs gq, fo}kuksa ds lewg us iqLrd dh fof'k"Vrkvksa dk mYys[k djrs gq, dgk fd vkt tuekul esa vFkZO;oLFkk dks ysdj tks fujk'kk O;kIr gS mls iqLrd esa xaHkhjrk ls mYys[k fd;k x;k gSA lgh ek;us esa dgsa rks iwjs ns'k ds tuekul esa ,d xaHkhj iz'u vkt Hkh ,d xaHkhj loky gS fd Hkkjr dh vFkZO;oLFkk n;uh; D;ksa cuh gqbZ gS\ izksQslj v#.k dqekj us viuh iqLrd esa bl dfBu iz'u dk mÙkj foLrkj ls fn;k gSA cdkSy v#.k dqekj ^^;fn vki orZeku esa O;kIr vkfFkZd folaxfr;ksa dk mÙkj [kkstuk pkgrs gSa rks vkidks ns'k ds izkphu bfrgkl dks tkuuk [kkldj vktknh ds ckn viuk;h xbZ vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa dks le>uk vko';d gksxkA mUgksaus dgk fd orZeku folaxfr;ksa ls fudyus dk ,d gh jkLrk gS fd gesa Kku ds ?kjsyw lzksrksa dh vksj ykSVuk gksxk ,oa ,d fodkl ds mfpr izk:i dks viukuk gksxkA bl ek;us esa iqLrd vkt ds vFkZ'kkfL=;ksa] Nk=ksa esa O;kIr bu /kkj.kkvksa dks /oLr djus esa dke;kc jgh gS fd Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk dky[kaM 1991 ls ugha 'kq: gksrk gSA vkt ds ;qokvksa dks rks 1950 ds n'kd ,oa mlds ckn viuk;h xbZ vkfFkZd uhfr;ksa dh lgh tkudkjh Hkh ugha gSA iqLrd esa ys[kd us Li"V :i ls dgk gS fd gesa viuh leL;kvksa dks Hkkjrh; ifjizs{; esa gh ns[kuk gksxkA fdlh ,d ns'k dh uhfr nwljs ns'k esa lQy ugha gks ldrh gS] D;ksafd lcdh leL;k,a ,oa HkkSxksfyd gkykr vyx&vyx gksrs gSaA blfy, Hkjr dks ekStwnk vkfFkZd ladV ls ikj ikus ds fy, Hkkjrh; fgrksa okyh uhfr;ksa dks ykxw djuk pkfg,A

orZeku esa vFkZO;oLFkk dh tks n'kk gS mldh Hkfo";ok.kh iqLrd esa igys gh c;k¡ dh tk pqdh gSA vFkZO;oLFkk dh xfr eanh iM+us] mPp eqækLQhfr dh nj ,oa jktLo ?kkVs esa o`f) ls fLFkfr fu;a=.k ls ckgj gks tk,xhA blds dkj.k nqfu;k esa Hkkjr dh lk[k fxjsxkA bu ckrksa dk mYys[k iqLrd esa fd;k x;k gSSA :i, ds fxjrs Lrj ls rks yxrk gS fd tks vuqeku izks- v#.k dqekj us viuh iqLrd esa crk, gSa og lgh lkfcr gksus tk jgk gSA nqHkkZX;o'k bu pqukSfr;ksa dk lek/kku gsrq ns'k ds vkfFkZd fo'ks"kK vkRe&ewY;kadu ds ctk, fons'kksa dk ckV tksg jgs gSaA

iqLrd esa vaxzsth 'kkludky ls pyh vk jgh eSdkys dh f'k{kk uhfr dh Hkh dM+h vkykspuk dh xbZ gSA vktknh ds ckn vk/kqfudrk ds uke ij eSdkys f'k{kk uhfr dks Hkh fcuk lksps&le>s vkxs c<+k;k x;kA ml le; vaxzsth i<+s&fy[ks laié oxZ f'k{kk gkfly dj vkxs c<+s vkSj xjhc iSls ds vHkko esa xq.koÙkkiw.kZ f'k{kk izkIr ugha dj ldsA ;gh laié oxZ vaxzsth ds tkudkj gksus ds dkj.k jkt O;oLFkk ,oa 'kklu O;oLFkk ij gkoh jgsaA bu yksxksa us dHkh Hkh Hkkjr dh vko';drk ,oa LFkkfudrk ds vuqdwy uhfr;k¡ ugha cukbZA f'k{kk O;oLFkk vaxzsthijLr gksdj jg xbZA 'kks/k ,oa fodkl dk LFkku vkt dh f'k{kk esa dgha Hkh fn[kk;h ugha nsrk gSA ge cqfu;knh le> fodflr ugha dj ik,A ifj.kkeLo:i lekt dk cqfu;knh

Hkkjrh; yksdrkaf=d O;oLFkk ij Hkh iqLrd esa iz'u [kM+s fd, x, gSaA blh f'k{kk O;oLFkk dk ifj.kke gqvk fd Hkkjrh; yksdrkaf=d O;oLFkk esa 'kq: ls gh vxqokbZ djus okys laHkzkar oxZ dk opZLo jgk ,oa vke vkneh mldk fgLlk ugha cu ik;kA Qyr% ;gka dh yksdrkaf=d O;oLFkk dsUæhÑr dj nh xbZ ,oa tuHkkfxrk misf{kr jghA ;gka ds 'kkld oxZ ij ns'kfgr ds ctk; [kqn dk fgr gkoh gksus yxk] Hkz"Vkpkj c<+k vkSj usrkvksa] ukSdj'kkgksa ,oa vijkfèk;ksa ds chp xBtksj cuus yxk tks vkt ^Øksuh dSfiVfyTe* ds :i esa ns’k dks Mal jgk gSA ns'k ftu leL;kvksa ls vkt tw> jgk gS mlds lek/kku ds :i esa iqLrd ds ys[kd dk ekuuk gS fd gkykr cnyus ds fy, ,d gh oSdfYid ekWMy dh t:jr gS ftlesa miHkksDrkokn u gks vkSj Hkkjr gh ,slk ns'k gS tks ;g ekWMy ns ldrk gSA

pw¡fd ys[kd dkyk /ku fo"k; ds vPNs tkudkj gSa blfy, iqLrd esa bl fo"k; ij Hkh foLrkj ls ppkZ gSA pw¡fd dkys /ku dh vFkZO;oLFkk ns'k ds rhu izfr'kr yksxksa ds gkFkksa esa dsfUær gS blfy, lekt esa vlekurk c<+ jgh gS vkSj 'ks"k yksx Hkh Hkz"V vkpj.k viukdj dkyk/ku cVksjuk pkgrs gSaA dkyk /ku ds dkj.k iw¡th dk lgh bLrseky ugha gks ik;k gSA iw¡th ds leqfpr fuos'k u gksus ds dkj.k csjkstxkjh] egaxkbZ vkfn dks c<+kok feyrk gSA ;g fLFkfr [krjukd izo`fÙk dks tUe nsrh gS tks varr% lkekftd dVqrk ,oa la?k"kZ esa rCnhy gks tkrk gSA iqLrd ds vuqlkj ^^vktknh ds 66 lky chr tkus ds ckn Hkh gekjs ns'k esa lokZfèkd xjhc vkSj fuj{kj yksx gSaA fodkl dh xyr uhfr;ksa ,oa usr`Ro {kerk esa deh ds dkj.k Hkkjr lokZfèkd nwf"kr i;kZoj.k okys ns'kksa esa ,d gks x;k gS vkSj fons'kksa ls vk;kfrr dpM+ksa ds fy, dwM+k?kj cu x;k gSA

iqLrd esa bl ckr dk xaHkhjrk ls mYys[k fd;k x;k gS fd fdlh Hkh ns'k dk lok±xh.k fodkl mlds usr`Ro ds Åij fuHkZj djrk gSA ;fn usr`Ro ;ksX; ,oa nwjn'khZ gqvk rks mldk vlj ml ns'k dh laLFkkvksa ij iM+rk gSA ;fn usr`Ro detksj gqvk rks ns'k ij bldk nwjxkeh vlj gksrk gSA ys[kd dk mnkgj.k orZeku O;oLFkk dh vksj maxqyh mBkrk gSA bruk gh ugha mUgksaus usr`Ro dh detksjh dk mnkgj.k vkSifuosf'kd dky ds ckn ls gh js[kkafdr fd;k gSA vktknh ds ckn bldh xq.koÙkk esa dkQh fxjkoV vk xbZA

;gk¡ vke ikBd ds eu esa ;g loky mBuk LokHkkfod gS fd vkf[kj usr`Ro esa HkVdko D;ksa gqvk\ dSls gqvk\ ys[kd us bldk lhèkk ,oa lVhd mÙkj iqLrd esa fn;k gS fd ns’k dk usr`Ro djus okys yksx cqfu;knh le> fodflr ugha dj ik,A ftlds dkj.k lekt dk cqfu;knh <+k¡pk fc[kj x;kA ,d vksj tgk¡ gekjs ns'k dk usr`Ro lkekftd t:jrksa ds vuqlkj cqfu;knh <+k¡pk fodflr ugha dj ik, ogha nwljh vksj vaxzstksa us bl fc[kjko dh vkx esa ?kh Mkyus dk dke fd;kA mUgksaus gekjh detksjh dks viuk 'kklu pykus dk gfFk;kj cuk;kA dkykUrj esa O;oLFkk ,slh fodflr gqbZ fd ns'k dh ftruh Hkh laLFkk,a gSa vkt ewY;ghurk dh f'kdkj gSaA os lekt dks ekxZ fn[kkus esa v{ke gSA Hkkjrh; laLFkkvksa ds ikl u rks ledkyhu lekt thou O;oLFkk dk vuqHko gS] u gh mlds nnZ dk vuqHko gSA vxj lgh ek;us esa dgk tk, rks Hkkjrh; usr`Ro ds ikl vkt ;g lcls cM+h cqfu;knh detksjh gSA

vxj vktknh ds dky[kaM esa ;k mlds ckn ge xk¡èkh th ds fopkjksa dks ns[ksa rks dg ldrs gSa fd xk¡èkh th us ges'kk gkf'k, ij [kM+s vkneh dks è;ku esa j[kdj ;kstuk cukus dh ckr dgh FkhA ysfdu ;fn 1950 ds ckn dh uhfr;ksa dks gh ns[ksa rks ;g fuos'k c<+kus okyh rks jgh ysfdu ;g lekt thou ds vuqlkj jkstxkj c<+kus okyh ugha Hkh jghA ys[kd dk ekuuk  gS fd fc[kjko ,oa vlekurk ds eqís ij jgh lgh delj 1991 ds ckn ds vkfFkZd lqèkkjksa us iwjh dj nhA xyr usr`Ro ,oa xyr uhfr;ksa ds dkj.k vlekurk 'keZukd Lrj ij igq¡p xbZ gSA

Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk dk lexz vè;;u djus esa ;g iqLrd ikBdksa ds fy, niZ.k dk dk;Z djsxkA izkekf.kdrk ds lkFk rF;ksa ,oa lkjf.k;ksa ds iz;ksx ls iqLrd 'kksèk dk;ks± ds fy, mi;ksxh gksxkA fotu cqDl }kjk izdkf’kr ;g iqLrd dysoj ,oa NikbZ esa Hkh mPp dksfV dk gSA

fdlh Hkh ns'k ds fodkl esa usr`Ro dh Hkwfedk vge gksrh gSA bldk vlj laLFkkvksa vkSj lekt ij iM+rk gSA vkt ns'k esa usr`Ro dh detksjh gj vksj fn[kk;h nsrh gSA Hkkjr esa usr`Ro dh detksjh dh tM+s vkSifuosf'kd 'kklu ls tqM+h gqbZ gS vkSj ;gh otg gS fd vktknh ds ckn usr`Ro dh xq.koÙkk esa rsth ls fxjkoV vk;h gSA eSdkys dh i)fr viukdj fczfV'k 'kkldksa us 'kkld oxZ vkSj vke yksxksa ds chp nwjh cukus dk dke fd;kA

xk¡èkh th us uhps ls fodkl dh tks ckr dgha Fkh og jk"Vªh; vkanksyu esa dgha nc xbZA orZeku fodkl vo/kkj.kk if'pe ls udy dh xbZ gSA blls vlekurk c<+h vkSj dkys/ku dh vFkZO;oLFkk dk rhoz fodkl gqvkA dkys/ku dh vFkZO;oLFkk thMhih dk 50 Qhlnh gks x;k gSA

  

Shame on Youth if termed as "Wasted"

Whether you believe it or not but Youth manpower across the European Union, specifically of UK, has been termed as 'wasted' by The Economist magzine in its latest Intelligence Unit. In my opinion, if youth of any country is totally dependent to get a job in govt/public/private rather to become self employed will always be wasted material rather than a "empowered manpower" Read the summary of the same

Courtsey:-The Economist 

MIND THE EMPLOYMENT GAP

High youth unemployment threatens long-term competitiveness in the UK

Youth unemployment has surged across Europe since the 2008‑09

global financial crisis, in what the German chancellor, Angela

Merkel, has described as “perhaps the most pressing problem

facing Europe at the present time.” In the UK, nearly 1m young people

(aged between 16 and 24)—or one-fifth of the youth population—are

jobless. The crisis is not just affecting individuals and society today,

but it also threatens the long-term growth and competitiveness of the

British economy.

“Young people are the future generation,” says Lena Levy, head of labour

market policy at the Confederation of British Industry, a business

lobbying group. “If they disengage, businesses eventually will have

problems recruiting. The economic costs to the country are there.”

Youth unemployment is a “time-bomb under the nation’s finances”,

concludes a 2012 report by the Association of Chief Executives of

Voluntary Organisations Commission on Youth Unemployment. It estimated

that, at current levels, the “scarring effects of youth unemployment”,

including higher welfare benefits paid out and lost potential

tax revenue, would cost the exchequer £2.9bn (US$4.8bn) per year

and result in annual lost output to the economy of £6.3bn. “The net

present value of the cost to the Treasury, even looking only a decade

ahead, is approximately £28bn,” the report said.

Meanwhile, a UK-based youth charity, the Prince’s Trust, has put the

cost of lost productivity to the UK at as much as £133m (US$220m)

per week, and for youth crime at £1.2bn a year.

Other costs are harder to quantify. Studies have shown that young

people who have been long-term unemployed experience more ill

health later in life and become more susceptible to committing crime.

Widening inequality can increase social tension and instability.

Furthermore, given the greying of Britain’s workforce, the presence of

a large group of unemployed in the new generation could undermine

the financial health of government welfare programmes and weaken

the talent pool for businesses.

“Being unemployed at a young age tends to have a big effect later

on,” says Glenda Quintini, a senior economist at the Paris-based OECD,

a club of rich countries. “Skills unused can deteriorate. [Unemployed

youths] can drift into inactivity and become disengaged. This is a very

big problem for business, because human capital is the no. 1 input.”

Youth unemployment is not a problem only in the UK. A recent report

by a global consulting firm, McKinsey & Company, notes that 75m

young people are currently unemployed around the world, and that, if

estimates for the number of underemployed were included, the total

would triple. In countries such as Greece and Spain, youth jobless

rates exceeded 50% in 2013. Poor economic prospects do not translate

only into high unemployment rates, but can also become reasons

to emigrate. In Ireland, where the economy has stagnated for most of

the past five years, well-educated young people are leaving in large

numbers. A study by University College Cork found that up to 62% of

emigrants aged between 24 and 34 have completed tertiary education,

compared with 47% for the rest of the same age group.

Even when the UK economy was booming before the crash, a growing

number of young people struggled to find work. Terence Tse, an

Written by The Economist Intelligence Unit

SUPPORTED BY

associate professor of finance at the London campus of the ESCP

Europe business school, says that one reason for this trend was

that youths lacked the basic skills that employers sought. “But the

economy was growing fast enough to absorb whomever,” he says.

This situation changed in the wake of the 2008‑09 global financial

crisis. As companies scaled back and cut jobs, first-time jobseekers,

still lacking basic skills, struggled even more to find work. Young

people who were already employed often became the first to be made

redundant, as they had less experience and the least seniority. The

number of jobless youths and NEETs—a term first coined in the UK

in the 1980s, referring to young people who are “not in education,

employment or training”—surged.

Recently, the UK economy has started to grow again, expanding by

an estimated 1.9% in 2013, and The Economist Intelligence Unit

forecasts that growth will accelerate to 2.5% this year. The overall

jobless rate has also improved, falling to 7.1% for the three months

ending November 2013, the lowest level in more than three years

(compared with 8.4% in 2011). The effects of the economic rebound

have been slower to accrue to those in the 16-24 age category, with

the unemployment rate for this group easing by 0.5 of a percentage

point to 20% compared with the previous year. This compares with an

unemployment rate among 25‑34 year olds of 6.7% between September

to November 2013, down from 7.5% for the same period in 2012.

Tony Dolphin, the associate director for economic policy at the Institute

for Public Policy Research, a London-based think-tank, says that

there is likely to be a mix of reasons for this, but he believes that the

main factor is the shifting structure of the workforce. “Due to globalisation

and technological changes, jobs that young people would be

recruited for have disappeared,” he says. These include manufacturing

jobs that have become mechanised or shipped overseas.

The government has introduced a number of policies and programmes

to address youth unemployment, but—say critics—with mixed success.

The administration has gradually raised the age for full-time compulsory

education to 18 by 2015. Jobcentre Plus, a service offered by the

UK Department for Work and Pensions, provides assistance with job

searches and building curricula vitae (CVs). However, “more intensive

support is needed for young people” says Sue Maguire, a professor at

the University of Warwick.

In addition, the government has made significant funding cuts which

have affected many programmes, including one that tracks under-18

NEETs, notes Professor Maguire. In January 2014 the prime minister,

David Cameron, suggested that he favoured reforms that would

require those under 25 to take up work, education or training, or face

losing their housing benefits and jobseeker’s allowance.

Companies are also stepping in to tackle the youth unemployment

problem, inspired by Germany’s youth apprenticeship programmes.

Close collaboration among businesses, educational institutions and

the government has resulted in Germany enjoying the lowest youth

unemployment rate in Europe. Barclays, a London-based financial

services company, has established its own apprenticeship programme

to recruit and train underprivileged youths. Other companies are

working with schools or the government to review curricula, and explore

how they might better arm graduates and apprentices with the

skills needed in the current labour market.

Business in the Community, a non-profit organisation that promotes

corporate responsibility among multinationals in the UK, has helped

to mobilise the hospitality sector to create 130,000 apprenticeships,

work-experience placements or job opportunities for young people,

backed by government funding.

Multinationals, in any case, tend to have their pick among top graduates

when recruiting, as well as the manpower and budget to provide

on-the-job training. Economists say that small- and medium-sized

enterprises are more likely to be hurt by the country’s high youth

unemployment rate; these companies are more likely to hire from the

pool of youths who do not continue into higher education.

Ultimately, however, everyone loses. Professor John Van Reenen, the

director of the Centre for Economic Performance at the London School

of Economics, says that companies might temporarily benefit from

high youth unemployment rates, as wages decline. But, in the long

term, “if fewer people are looking for jobs, wages go up.”

About the sponsor

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